Heterocyclic Compounds for the Treatment of Neurological and Psychological Disorders

ABSTRACT

Lactam compounds of Formula I and their use for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder and insomnia is disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/823,007, filed Jun. 24, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/220,480, filed on Jun. 25, 2009 and 61/293,087, filed on Jan. 7, 2010. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Currently there are several drugs in clinical use for the treatment of neurological and psychological disorders including schizophrenia, bipolor disorder, insomnia and anxiety disorders. Examples of these compounds include aripiprazole ziprasidone, and bifeprunox. The chemical structures of these compounds are given below.

Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Mace et al., CNS Drugs, 2009(23), 773-780. Other examples of heterocyclic derivatives that are useful for the treatment of schizophrenia are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,747, U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,528, U.S. Pat. No. 7,160,888, and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,357. PF-00217830 is another antipsychotic drug currently undergoing clinical studies for the treatment of schizophrenia. (NCT00580125) Other heterocyclic derivatives that have been stated to be useful as antipsychotic agents are those discussed in WO 93/04684, and European patent application EP 402644. However, many of the current antipsychotic drugs suffer from side effects and other undesirable drawbacks.

Aripiprazole is a dopamine partial agonist antipsychotic that is currently approved for clinical use in the United States and Europe. From the safety perspective it is remarkable that it is not highly sedative and does not impair the metabolic parameters. The advantages of a non-sedative and metabolically neutral antimanic drug are particularly relevant in the long-term, due to their impact on cognition and quality of life. (Vieta et al. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2008:36(3):158-164). However, Aripiprazole is known to produce injection site reactions. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,587). Ziprasidone is an effective acute and long-term maintenance treatment option for patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophric disorder. (Kutcher et al., Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat., 2005 1(2) 89-108). Ziprasidone users also suffer from multiple side effects including somnolence. Bifeprunox is known to improve symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, it also suffers from side effects such as weight gain an increase in cholesterol levels. (Barbato et al., WO 08/025,781). Other antipsychotic agents also show substantial side effects. For example, paliperidone and riperidone are associated with weight gain in patients. (Nussbaum et al., Schizophrenia Bulletin 34(3) 419-422, 2008). Considering the range of side effects associated with current antipsychotic drugs, it is imperative to develop drugs with reduced side effects.

Optimization of a drug's bioavailability has many potential benefits. For patient convenience and enhanced compliance it is generally recognized that less frequent dosing is desirable. By extending the period through which the drug is released, a longer duration of action per dose is expected. This will then lead to an overall improvement of dosing parameters such as taking a drug once a day where it has previously required four times a day dosing or once a week or even less frequently when daily dosing was previously required. Many drugs are presently given at a once a day dosing frequency. Yet, not all of these drugs have pharmacokinetic properties that are suitable for dosing intervals of exactly twenty-four hours. Extending the period through which these drugs are released would also be beneficial.

One of the fundamental considerations in drug therapy involves the relationship between blood levels and therapeutic activity. For most drugs, it is of primary importance that serum levels remain between a minimally effective concentration and a potentially toxic level. In pharmacokinetic terms, the peaks and troughs of a drug's blood levels ideally fit well within the therapeutic window of serum concentrations. For certain therapeutic agents, this window is so narrow that dosage formulation becomes critical.

In an attempt to address the need for improved bioavailability, several drug release modulation technologies have been developed. Enteric coatings have been used as a protector of pharmaceuticals in the stomach and microencapsulating active agents using protenoid microspheres, liposomes or polysaccharides have been effective in abating enzyme degradation of the active agent. Enzyme inhibiting adjuvants have also been used to prevent enzyme degradation.

A wide range of pharmaceutical formulations provide sustained release through microencapsulation of the active agent in amides of dicarboxylic acids, modified amino acids or thermally condensed amino acids. Slow release rendering additives can also be intermixed with a large array of active agents in tablet formulations.

While microencapsulation and enteric coating technologies impart enhanced stability and time-release properties to active agent substances these technologies suffer from several shortcomings. Incorporation of the active agent is often dependent on diffusion into the microencapsulating matrix, which may not be quantitative and may complicate dosage reproducibility. In addition, encapsulated drugs rely on diffusion out of the matrix, degradation of the matrix, or both which is highly dependent the chemical properties and on the water solubility of the active agent. Conversely, water-soluble microspheres swell by an infinite degree and, unfortunately, may release the active agent in bursts with limited active agent available for sustained release. Furthermore, in some technologies, control of the degradation process required for active agent release is unreliable. Several implantable drug delivery systems have utilized polypeptide attachment to drugs. Additionally, other large polymeric carriers incorporating drugs into their matrices are used as implants for the gradual release of drug. Yet another technology combines the advantages of covalent drug attachment with liposome formation where the active ingredient is attached to highly ordered lipid films.

However there is still a need for an active agent delivery system that is able to deliver certain active agents which have been heretofore not formulated or difficult to formulate in a sustained release formulation for release over a sustained period of time and which is convenient for patient dosing.

Self administered antipsychotic drugs often suffer from poor patient compliance in regular administration. Outpatients with schizophrenia often have problems complying with a regimen of oral antipsychotic medications. Bartko G et al., Psychiatry Research 1987 (22) 221-227. Thus, it is particularly useful to develop long acting antipsychotic drugs that can be administered less frequently.

SUMMARY

The instant application relates to compounds of Formula I and their use for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, mania, anxiety and bipolar disease. In particular the instant application relates to compounds of Formula I:

and the geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein

represents a single or double bond; Semicircle represents an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl containing one, two or three rings; A is selected from absent, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, —S—, —O—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)—, —S(O) [C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —S(O)₂[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —O[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —N(R₁₀)—, —N(R₁₀)—[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁]_(u)-, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁]_(u);

-   -   wherein each u is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7;     -   wherein each R₁₀ and R₁₁ is independently absent, hydrogen,         halogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted         aryl;         Cy₁ is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally         substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or         optionally substituted aryl;         B is a linker or a direct bond;         D is selected from absent, —O—, —NR₁₀, —C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)— and —S—,         —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —C(O)—;         Each G₁ and G₂ is independently selected from absent, —S—, —O—,         —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —SC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —S(O)C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—,         —S(O)₂C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —OC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —N(R₁₀)—, —C(R₁₀)═C(R₁₁)—,         —N(R₁₀)—C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁]_(t)-;

wherein t is 1, 2 or 3;

Each R₁, R₃ and R₄ is independently selected from absent, hydrogen, halogen, —OR₁₀, —SR₁₀, —N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), —S(O)R₁₀, —S(O)₂R₁₀, optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; Alternatively, two R₃ and R₄ together form an optionally substituted ring; R₅ is selected from —CH(R₁₀)—OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)R₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —(CH(R₁₀))—OPO₃MY, —(CH(R₁₀))—OP(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁), —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—R₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)OR₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)R₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —[CH(R₁₀)O]z—OPO₃MY, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)₂(OR₂₀)M and —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁);

-   -   wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;     -   each R₂₀ and R₂₁ is independently selected from hydrogen,         aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted aryl; Y         and M are the same or different and each is a monovalent cation;         or M and Y together is a divalent cation; and         n, m and q are independently selected from 0, 1, and 2.

The invention further relates to prodrugs of antipsychotic drugs that become active agents after in vivo administration. The invention further relates to sustained release of antipsychotic drugs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIGURES

FIG. 1: PXRD spectrum of Compound-7.

FIG. 2: IR Spectrum of Compound-7.

FIG. 3: Raman spectrum of Compound-7.

FIG. 4: TGA thermogram of Compound-7.

FIG. 5: DSC thermogram of Compound-7.

FIG. 6: Pharmacodynamic (PD) study of compound-4 in AMPH induced locomotion model.

FIG. 7 Pharmacodynamic (PD) study of compound-7 in AMPH induced locomotion model.

FIG. 8: Plasma concentration of aripiprazole after intravenous administration of (0.5 mg/Kg) compound 7 to rats.

FIG. 9: Plasma concentration of aripiprazole, dehydroaripiprazole and compound 7 after intramuscular administration of 30 mg/Kg of compound 7 to dogs.

One aspect of the present invention provides a compound having the general Formula I:

or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein

represents a single or double bond; Semicircle represents an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl containing one, two or three rings; A is selected from absent, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, —S—, —O—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —S(O)[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —S(O)₂[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —O[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —N(R₁₀)—, —N(R₁₀)—[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u);

-   -   wherein each u is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7;     -   wherein each R₁₀ and R₁₁ is independently absent, hydrogen,         halogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted         aryl;         Cy₁ is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally         substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or         optionally substituted aryl;         B is a linker or a direct bond;         D is selected from absent, —O—, —NR₁₀, —C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)— and —S—,         —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —C(O)—;         Each G₁ and G₂ is independently selected from absent, —S—, —O—,         —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —SC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —S(O)C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—,         —S(O)₂C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —OC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —N(R₁₀)—, —C(R₁₀)═C(R₁₁)—,         —N(R₁₀)—C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(t)-;     -   wherein t is 1, 2 or 3;         Each R₁, R₃ and R₄ is independently selected from absent,         hydrogen, halogen, —OR₁₀, —SR₁₀, —N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), —S(O)R₁₀,         —S(O)₂R₁₀, optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally         substituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl;         Alternatively, two R₃ and R₄ together form an optionally         substituted ring;         R₅ is selected from —CH(R₁₀)—OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)OR₂₀,         —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)R₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —(CH(R₁₀))—OPO₃MY,         —(CH(R₁₀))—OP(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁), —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—R₂₀,         —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)OR₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)R₂₀,         —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—OPO₃MY,         —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)₂(OR₂₀)M and         —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁).     -   wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;     -   each R₂₀ and R₂₁ is independently selected from hydrogen,         aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted aryl; Y         and M are the same or different and each is a monovalent cation;         or M and Y together is a divalent cation; and         n, m and q are independently selected from 0, 1, and 2.

Substituents indicated as attached through variable points of attachments can be attached to any available position on the ring structure.

In another embodiment, compounds of the present invention are represented by Formula II as illustrated below, or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein

represents a single or double bond; and, R₁, R₃, R₄, R₅, A, B, D, n, m, p, and q are as defined above; R₂ selected from absent, hydrogen, halogen, —OR₁₀, —SR₁₀, —N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), —S(O)R₁₀, —S(O)₂R₁₀, optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; each G₃ and G₄ is independently selected from —N—, —C(R₁₀)—[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(a)-, wherein a is 0, 1 or 2; and, p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In another embodiment, compounds of the present invention are represented by Formula III as illustrated below, or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₁₀, R₁₁, A, D, m, p and q are as defined above; and r is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.

In another embodiment, compounds of the present invention are represented by Formula IV as illustrated below, or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₁₀, R₁₁, D, m, p, q and r are as defined above; each R₆ is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR₁₀, SR₁₀, NR₁₀R₁₁, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aromatic, substituted aromatic, wherein each R₁₀ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen, halogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic aryl or substituted aryl; or alternatively two adjacent R₆ groups form a second ring; and t and s are independently selected from 0, 1, and 2.

In another embodiment, compounds of the present invention are represented by Formula V as illustrated below, or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein

represents single or double bond;

R₅, is as defined above; and

w is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound of Formula VI is provided below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₅, A, B, D, G₃, G₄, p, q, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are as defined above; and,

X₁ is —S—, —O—, —NR₁₀— or —C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound of Formula VII is provided below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, A, D, G₃, G₄, m, p, q, r, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are as defined above. In a preferred embodiment, a compound of Formula VIII is provided below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, A, D, G₃, G₄, m, q, r, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are as defined above; and,

X₂ is —S— or —O—.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound of Formula IX is provided below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, X₂, D, R₂, R₅, r, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound of Formula X is provided below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, R₅ is as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment, a compound of Formula XI is provided below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, R₁, R₂, R₅, G₃, G₄, X₁, A, B, D and p are as defined above. In a preferred embodiment, a compound of Formula XII is provided below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

A more preferred embodiment is a compound of Formula XII wherein B is a bond; D is absent; G₃ and G₄ are N; R₂ is H; p is 1; A is alkyl; and R₁ is substituted phenyl.

A more preferred embodiment is a compound of Formula XIII below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, R₅ is as defined above.

A preferred embodiment is a compound of Formula XIV below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, A, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₁₀, R₁₁, G₃, G₄, D, m, p, q, and r as defined above; and,

X₃ is —CH— or —N—.

A more preferred embodiment is a compound where G₃ and G₃ is —N—.

A preferred embodiment is a compound of Formula XV below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, A, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₁₀, R₁₁, G₃, G₄, X₂, m, p, q, and r as defined above. A preferred embodiment is a compound of Formula XVI below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, A, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₁₀, R₁₁, X₂, m, p, q, and r as defined above.

A preferred embodiment is a compound of Formula XVII below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

wherein, R₂, R₅, R₁₀, R₁₁, X₂, p and r as defined above.

A preferred embodiment is a compound of Formula XVIII below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

In a preferred embodiment, the R₁ moiety is an aryl or heteroaryl group selected from:

wherein R₁₀₀ R₁₀₁, and R₁₀₃ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkylamino and optionally substituted C₁-C₈ aryl. In a preferred embodiment, the R₅ moiety is selected from:

wherein R₁₀₅, R₁₀₆ and R₁₀₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₂₄ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkylamino and optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ aryl.

In a more preferred embodiment, R₅ is selected from:

wherein each x and y is independently an integer between 0 and 30, and R₁₀₅, R₁₀₆, and R₁₀₇ are as defined above.

In a more preferred embodiment, x is an integer between 5 and 20.

In a preferred embodiment, Cy1 is selected from:

In a preferred embodiment, the bivalent B is a direct bond, a straight chain C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, alkoxyC₁-C₁₀alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀ alkylamino, alkoxyC₁-C₁₀alkylamino, C₁-C₁₀ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁-C₁₀ alkylaminocarbonyl, aryloxyC₁-C₁₀alkoxy, aryloxyC₁-C₁₀alkylamino, aryloxyC₁-C₁₀alkylamino carbonyl, C₁-C₁₀-alkylaminoalkylaminocarbonyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl(N-alkyl)aminoalkyl-aminocarbonyl, alkylaminoalkylamino, alkylcarbonylaminoalkylamino, alkyl(N-alkyl)aminoalkylamino, (N-alkyl)alkylcarbonylaminoalkylamino, alkylaminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkylaminoalkyl, alkylpiperazinoalkyl, piperazinoalkyl, alkylpiperazino, alkenylaryloxyC1-C10alkoxy, alkenylarylaminoC₁-C₁₀alkoxy, alkenylaryllalkylaminoC₁-C₁₀alkoxy, alkenylaryloxyC₁-C₁₀alkylamino, alkenylaryloxyC₁-C₁₀alkylaminocarbonyl, piperazinoalkylaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₁₀alkyl, heteroarylC₂-C₁₀alkenyl, heteroarylC₂-C₁₀alkynyl, heteroarylC₁-C₁₀alkylamino, heteroarylC₁-C₁₀alkoxy, heteroaryloxyC₁-C₁₀alkyl, heteroaryloxyC₂-C₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryloxyC₂-C₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryloxyC₁-C₁₀alkylamino and heteroaryloxyC₁-C₁₀alkoxy.

In one embodiment, variable R₅ in Formula I and the geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof are selected from the group set forth in the table below, where the variables Y and M are the same or different and each is a monovalent cation, or M and Y together are a divalent cation.

In a more preferred embodiment, R₅ is selected from Table 1.

TABLE 1

In a more preferred embodiment, R₁ is selected from Table 2:

TABLE 2

In a more preferred embodiment, R₁ is selected from Table 3:

TABLE 3

In a more preferred embodiment, R₁ is selected from Table 4:

TABLE 4

In a preferred embodiment, a compound having Formula XIX is provided:

wherein R₅ is selected from Table 1. A more preferred compound is where R₅ is selected from Tables 2-4.

Representative compounds according to the invention are those selected from the Table A below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

TABLE A No Structure 1 

2 

3 

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100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

In a preferred embodiment, a compound having Formula XX is provided:

wherein R₅ is selected from Table 1.

Representative compounds according to the invention are those selected from the Table B below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

TABLE B No Structure 150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

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250

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254

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256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

In a preferred embodiment, a compound having Formula XXI is provided:

wherein R₅ is selected from Table-1. In a more preferred compound R₅ is selected from Tables 2-4.

Representative compounds according to the invention are those selected from the Table C below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and solvates thereof:

TABLE C No. Structure 300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

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In a preferred embodiment, a compound having Formula XXII is provided:

wherein R₅ is selected from Table 1. In a more preferred compound R₅ is selected from Tables 2-4.

Representative compounds according to the invention are those selected from the Table D below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

TABLE D No. Structure 400

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In a preferred embodiment a compound of Formula XXII is provided:

wherein R₅ is selected from Table 1. In a more preferred compound R₅ is selected from Tables 2-4.

Representative compounds according to the invention are those selected from the Table E below or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof:

TABLE E No. Structure 501

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In another aspect of the invention a general method to convert lactam compounds of Formula XXIII with secondary amides to substituted tertiary amides is provided (Scheme 1).

In addition to the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone to compounds of formula XXIII, other process for converting secondary lactam groups can be used. For example, alkylation followed by addition of sodium in inert solvents, or addition of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide followed by alkyl halide addition can be used. Microwave based synthetic procedures can also be used to convert secondary lactams to substituted tertiary lactam compounds of the instant application. (For a general review see March J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, 1992; Inoue et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 58, 2721-2722, 1985; Mijin et al., J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 73(10) 945-950, 2008; Bogdal et al. Molecules, 1999, 4, 333-337; U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,659).

The invention further relates the sustained delivery of a compound of Formula XXIII by the administration of a compound of Formula I. Upon administration of a compound of Formula I, the labile R₅ moiety may be cleaved off enzymatically, chemically or through first phase metabolism giving a compound of Formula XXIII. Without being bound to any theory, it is postulated that for some of the compounds of Formula I, the release of a compound of Formula XXIII upon cleavage of the R₅ moiety results in a therapeutically active agent. For example such active ingredient can be aripiprazole, ziprasadone or bifeprunox. In one embodiment, the sustained release comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula XXIII in the blood stream of the patient for a period of at least about 36 hours after administration of the compound of Formula I. In a preferred embodiment, a compound of the invention provides sustained delivery of the parent drug (Formula XXIII) over hours, days, weeks or months when administered parenterally to a subject. For example, the compounds can provide sustained delivery of the parent drug for up to 7, 15, 30, 60, 75 or 90 days or longer. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the compounds of the invention form an insoluble depot upon parenteral administration, for example subcutaneous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection.

DEFINITIONS

Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe this invention. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification and claims, unless otherwise limited in specific instances, either individually or as part of a larger group.

An “aliphatic group” or “aliphatic” is non-aromatic moiety that may be saturated (e.g. single bond) or contain one or more units of unsaturation, e.g., double and/or triple bonds. An aliphatic group may be straight chained, branched or cyclic, contain carbon, hydrogen or, optionally, one or more heteroatoms and may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An aliphatic group, when used as a linker, preferably contains between about 1 and about 24 atoms, more preferably between about 4 to about 24 atoms, more preferably between about 4 to about 12 atoms, more typically between about 4 and about 8 atoms. An aliphatic group, when used as a substituent, preferably contains between about 1 and about 24 atoms, more preferably between about 1 to about 10 atoms, more preferably between about 1 to about 8 atoms, more typically between about 1 and about 6 atoms. In addition to aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, aliphatic groups include, for example, polyalkoxyalkyls, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines, for example. Such aliphatic groups may be further substituted. It is understood that aliphatic groups may include alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl groups described herein.

The term “substituted carbonyl” includes compounds and moieties which contain a carbon connected with a double bond to an oxygen atom, and tautomeric forms thereof. Examples of moieties that contain a substituted carbonyl include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, anhydrides, etc. The term “carbonyl moiety” refers to groups such as “alkylcarbonyl” groups wherein an alkyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, “alkenylcarbonyl” groups wherein an alkenyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, “alkynylcarbonyl” groups wherein an alkynyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, “arylcarbonyl” groups wherein an aryl group is covalently attached to the carbonyl group. Furthermore, the term also refers to groups wherein one or more heteroatoms are covalently bonded to the carbonyl moiety. For example, the term includes moieties such as, for example, aminocarbonyl moieties, (wherein a nitrogen atom is bound to the carbon of the carbonyl group, e.g., an amide).

The term “acyl” refers to hydrogen, alkyl, partially saturated or fully saturated cycloalkyl, partially saturated or fully saturated heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl substituted carbonyl groups. For example, acyl includes groups such as (C₁-C₆)alkanoyl (e.g., formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, caproyl, t-butylacetyl, etc.), (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl (e.g., cyclopropylcarbonyl, cyclobutylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, etc.), heterocyclic carbonyl (e.g., pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, pyrrolid-2-one-S-carbonyl, piperidinylcarbonyl, piperazinylcarbonyl, tetrahydrofuranylcarbonyl, etc.), aroyl (e.g., benzoyl) and heteroaroyl (e.g., thiophenyl-2-carbonyl, thiophenyl-3-carbonyl, furanyl-2-carbonyl, furanyl-3-carbonyl, 1H-pyrroyl-2-carbonyl, 1H-pyrroyl-3-carbonyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl-2-carbonyl, etc.). In addition, the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl and heteroaryl portion of the acyl group may be any one of the groups described in the respective definitions. When indicated as being “optionally substituted”, the acyl group may be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more substituents (typically, one to three substituents) independently selected from the group of substituents listed below in the definition for “substituted” or the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl and heteroaryl portion of the acyl group may be substituted as described above in the preferred and more preferred list of substituents, respectively.

The term “alkyl” embraces linear or branched radicals having one to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, one to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred alkyl radicals are “lower alkyl” radicals having one to about ten carbon atoms. Most preferred are lower alkyl radicals having one to about eight carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl and the like.

The term “alkenyl” embraces linear or branched radicals having at least one carbon-carbon double bond of two to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, two to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred alkenyl radicals are “lower alkenyl” radicals having two to about ten carbon atoms and more preferably about two to about eight carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl radicals include ethenyl, allyl, propenyl, butenyl and 4-methylbutenyl. The terms “alkenyl”, and “lower alkenyl”, embrace radicals having “cis” and “trans” orientations, or alternatively, “E” and “Z” orientations.

The term “alkynyl” embraces linear or branched radicals having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond of two to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, two to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred alkynyl radicals are “lower alkynyl” radicals having two to about ten carbon atoms and more preferably about two to about eight carbon atoms. Examples of alkynyl radicals include propargyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butyne, 2-butynyl and 1-pentynyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” embraces saturated carbocyclic radicals having three to about twelve carbon atoms. The term “cycloalkyl” embraces saturated carbocyclic radicals having three to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred cycloalkyl radicals are “lower cycloalkyl” radicals having three to about eight carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

The term “cycloalkenyl” embraces partially unsaturated carbocyclic radicals having three to twelve carbon atoms. Cycloalkenyl radicals that are partially unsaturated carbocyclic radicals that contain two double bonds (that may or may not be conjugated) can be called “cycloalkyldienyl”. More preferred cycloalkenyl radicals are “lower cycloalkenyl” radicals having four to about eight carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl and cyclohexenyl.

The term “alkoxy” embraces linear or branched oxy-containing radicals each having alkyl portions of one to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, one to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred alkoxy radicals are “lower alkoxy” radicals having one to about ten carbon atoms and more preferably having one to about eight carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and tert-butoxy.

The term “alkoxyalkyl” embraces alkyl radicals having one or more alkoxy radicals attached to the alkyl radical, that is, to form monoalkoxyalkyl and dialkoxyalkyl radicals.

The term “aryl”, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such rings may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused. The term “aryl” embraces aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indane and biphenyl.

The terms “heterocyclyl”, “heterocycle” “heterocyclic” or “heterocyclo” embrace saturated, partially unsaturated and unsaturated heteroatom-containing ring-shaped radicals, which can also be called “heterocyclyl”, “heterocycloalkenyl” and “heteroaryl” correspondingly, where the heteroatoms may be selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Examples of saturated heterocyclyl radicals include saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms (e.g. pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidino, piperazinyl, etc.); saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms (e.g. morpholinyl, etc.); saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms (e.g., thiazolidinyl, etc.). Examples of partially unsaturated heterocyclyl radicals include dihydrothiophene, dihydropyran, dihydrofuran and dihydrothiazole. Heterocyclyl radicals may include a pentavalent nitrogen, such as in tetrazolium and pyridinium radicals. The term “heterocycle” also embraces radicals where heterocyclyl radicals are fused with aryl or cycloalkyl radicals. Examples of such fused bicyclic radicals include benzofuran, benzothiophene, and the like.

The term “heteroaryl” embraces unsaturated heterocyclyl radicals. Examples of heteroaryl radicals include unsaturated 3 to 6 membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl (e.g., 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, 1H-1,2,3-triazolyl, 2H-1,2,3-triazolyl, etc.) tetrazolyl (e.g. 1H-tetrazolyl, 2H-tetrazolyl, etc.), etc.; unsaturated condensed heterocyclyl group containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms, for example, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrazolopyridazinyl (e.g., tetrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazinyl, etc.), etc.; unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing an oxygen atom, for example, pyranyl, furyl, etc.; unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing a sulfur atom, for example, thienyl, etc.; unsaturated 3- to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, etc.) etc.; unsaturated condensed heterocyclyl group containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms (e.g. benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, etc.); unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, etc.) etc.; unsaturated condensed heterocyclyl group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms (e.g., benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, etc.) and the like.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” embraces heterocyclo-substituted alkyl radicals. More preferred heterocycloalkyl radicals are “lower heterocycloalkyl” radicals having one to six carbon atoms in the heterocyclo radicals.

The term “alkylthio” embraces radicals containing a linear or branched alkyl radical, of one to about ten carbon atoms attached to a divalent sulfur atom. Preferred alkylthio radicals have alkyl radicals of one to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, one to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred alkylthio radicals have alkyl radicals are “lower alkylthio” radicals having one to about ten carbon atoms. Most preferred are alkylthio radicals having lower alkyl radicals of one to about eight carbon atoms. Examples of such lower alkylthio radicals are methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio and hexylthio.

The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” embrace aryl-substituted alkyl radicals such as benzyl, diphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl, phenylethyl, and diphenylethyl.

The term “aryloxy” embraces aryl radicals attached through an oxygen atom to other radicals.

The terms “aralkoxy” or “arylalkoxy” embrace aralkyl radicals attached through an oxygen atom to other radicals.

The term “aminoalkyl” embraces alkyl radicals substituted with amino radicals. Preferred aminoalkyl radicals have alkyl radicals having about one to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, one to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred aminoalkyl radicals are “lower aminoalkyl” that have alkyl radicals having one to about ten carbon atoms. Most preferred are aminoalkyl radicals having lower alkyl radicals having one to eight carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include aminomethyl, aminoethyl, and the like.

The term “alkylamino” denotes amino groups which are substituted with one or two alkyl radicals. Preferred alkylamino radicals have alkyl radicals having about one to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, one to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred alkylamino radicals are “lower alkylamino” that have alkyl radicals having one to about ten carbon atoms. Most preferred are alkylamino radicals having lower alkyl radicals having one to about eight carbon atoms. Suitable lower alkylamino may be monosubstituted N-alkylamino or disubstituted N,N-alkylamino, such as N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino or the like.

The term “linker” means an organic moiety that connects two parts of a compound. Linkers typically comprise a direct bond or an atom such as oxygen or sulfur, a unit such as NR₈, C(O), C(O)NH, SO, SO₂, SO₂NH or a chain of atoms, such as substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylalkenyl, heterocyclylalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylarylalkyl, alkylarylalkenyl, alkylarylalkynyl, alkenylarylalkyl, alkenylarylalkenyl, alkenylarylalkynyl, alkynylarylalkyl, alkynylarylalkenyl, alkynylarylalkynyl, alkylheteroarylalkyl, alkylheteroarylalkenyl, alkylheteroarylalkynyl, alkenylheteroarylalkyl, alkenylheteroarylalkenyl, alkenylheteroarylalkynyl, alkynylheteroarylalkyl, alkynylheteroarylalkenyl, alkynylheteroarylalkynyl, alkylheterocyclylalkyl, alkylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkylhererocyclylalkynyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkenylheterocyclylalkynyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkenyl, alkynylheterocyclylalkynyl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, alkynylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylheteroaryl, alkynylhereroaryl, which one or more methylenes can be interrupted or terminated by O, S, S(O), SO₂, N(R₈), C(O), substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic; where R₈ is hydrogen, acyl, aliphatic or substituted aliphatic. In one embodiment, the linker B is between one to about twenty four atoms, preferably one to about twelve atoms, preferably between about one to about eight atoms, more preferably one to about six atoms, and most preferably about four to about six atoms. In some embodiments, the linker is a C(O)NH(alkyl) chain or an alkoxy chain.

The term “substituted” refers to the replacement of one or more hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent including, but not limited to: halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylthioalkyl, arylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, arylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, haloalkyl, amino, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, alkylamino, arylamino, alkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, aminoalkylamino, hydroxy, alkoxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonylalkyl, acyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfonyl, phosphonic acid, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and aliphatic. It is understood that the substituent may be further substituted.

For simplicity, chemical moieties that are defined and referred to throughout can be univalent chemical moieties (e.g., alkyl, aryl, etc.) or multivalent moieties under the appropriate structural circumstances clear to those skilled in the art. For example, an “alkyl” moiety can be referred to a monovalent radical (e.g. CH₃—CH₂—), or in other instances, a bivalent linking moiety can be “alkyl,” in which case those skilled in the art will understand the alkyl to be a divalent radical (e.g., —CH₂—CH₂—), which is equivalent to the term “alkylene.” Similarly, in circumstances in which divalent moieties are required and are stated as being “alkoxy”, “alkylamino”, “aryloxy”, “alkylthio”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “heterocyclic”, “alkyl” “alkenyl”, “alkynyl”, “aliphatic”, or “cycloalkyl”, those skilled in the art will understand that the terms alkoxy”, “alkylamino”, “aryloxy”, “alkylthio”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “heterocyclic”, “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl”, “aliphatic”, or “cycloalkyl” refer to the corresponding divalent moiety.

The terms “halogen” or “halo” as used herein, refers to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The term “compound” is defined herein to include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, racemates and the like of the compounds having a formula as set forth herein.

The term “sugar” includes aldose, ketoaldose, alditols, ketoses, aldonic acids, ketoaldonic acids, aldaric acids, ketoaldaric acids, amino sugars, keto-amino sugars, uronic acids, ketouronic acids, lactones and keto-lactones. A sugar moiety can be a triosyl, tetraosyl, pentosyl, hexosyl, heptosyl, octosyl and nonosyl radicals. Hexosyl sugars include allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose, fructose, ribo-hexylose, arabino-hexylose and lyxo-hexylose. Pentosyl sugars include ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, ribulose and xylulose.

Substituents indicated as attached through variable points of attachments can be attached to any available position on the ring structure.

As used herein, the term “effective amount of the subject compounds,” with respect to the subject method of treatment, refers to an amount of the subject compound which, when delivered as part of desired dose regimen, brings about management of neurological and psychiatric disorders to clinically acceptable standards.

The neurological and psychiatric disorders include, but are not limited to, disorders such as cerebral deficit subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafting, stroke, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord trauma, head trauma, perinatal hypoxia, cardiac arrest, hypoglycemic neuronal damage, dementia (including AIDS-induced dementia), Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's Chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ocular damage, retinopathy, cognitive disorders, idiopathic and drug-induced Parkinson's disease, muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity including tremors, epilepsy, convulsions, cerebral deficits secondary to prolonged status epilepticus, migraine (including migraine headache), urinary incontinence, substance tolerance, substance withdrawal (including, substances such as opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.), psychosis, schizophrenia, anxiety (including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)), mood disorders (including depression, mania, bipolar disorders), circadian rhythm disorders (including jet lag and shift work), trigeminal neuralgia, hearing loss, tinnitus, macular degeneration of the eye, emesis, brain edema, pain (including acute and chronic pain states, severe pain, intractable pain, neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, and post-traumatic pain), tardive dyskinesia, sleep disorders (including narcolepsy), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder.

The term “treatment” refers to any process, action, application, therapy, or the like, wherein a mammal, including a human being, is subject to medical aid with the object of improving the mammal's condition, directly or indirectly.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1-19 (1977). The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid or inorganic acid. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic acid addition salts include, but are not limited to, salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid lactobionic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester” refers to esters which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of particular esters include, but are not limited to, formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration, such as sterile pyrogen-free water. Suitable carriers are described in the most recent edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, a standard reference text in the field, which is incorporated herein by reference. Preferred examples of such carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, finger's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

The synthesized compounds can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.

The compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-, or as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optical isomers may be prepared from their respective optically active precursors by the procedures described above, or by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds, other unsaturation, or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers and/or cis- and trans-isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. The configuration of any carbon-carbon double bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so states; thus a carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-heteroatom double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans, or a mixture of the two in any proportion.

The terms “sustained release”, “sustained delivery” and “extended release” are used interchangeably herein to indicate that compounds of Formula I-XXII, where a labile R₅ moiety is present, provides for the release of a compound by any mechanism including slow first order kinetics of absorption or zero order kinetics of absorption, such that the resulting compounds without the R₅ moiety is present in the patient, in effective amounts, for a period of time that is longer than the period of time that results from administering the corresponding drug without the R₅ moiety alone (i.e. not as a prodrug of the invention). The mechanism for timed release may be due to several factors including, but not limited to, decreasing the solubility upon conjugation of R₅, resulting in more gradual dissolution and slower release of the R₅ conjugated compounds (Formula I-XXII) by the action of serum enzymes or chemical hydrolysis.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I-XXII of the present invention provide an extended period during which an active agent is absorbed thereby providing a longer duration of action per dose than is currently expected. This leads to an overall improvement of dosing parameters such as, for example taking an active agent twice a day where it has previously required four times a day dosing. Alternatively, many active agents presently given at a once a day dosing frequency, lack the pharmacokinetic properties suitable for dosing intervals of exactly twelve or twenty-four hours. The need for an extended period of active agent adsorption for the current single dose active agent still exists and would be beneficial as well. “Effective amounts” or a “therapeutically effective amount” of a prodrug of the invention is based on that amount of the parent drug which is deemed to provide clinically beneficial therapy to the patient. However, the prodrug of the invention provides an effective amount for a longer period of time per dose than that of the parent drug per the same dose when delivered alone.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; cyclodextrins such as alpha-(α), beta-(β) and gamma-(γ) cyclodextrins; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by injection. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

For pulmonary delivery, a therapeutic composition of the invention is formulated and administered to the patient in solid or liquid particulate form by direct administration e.g., inhalation into the respiratory system. Solid or liquid particulate forms of the active compound prepared for practicing the present invention include particles of respirable size: that is, particles of a size sufficiently small to pass through the mouth and larynx upon inhalation and into the bronchi and alveoli of the lungs. Delivery of aerosolized therapeutics, particularly aerosolized antibiotics, is known in the art (see, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,068 to VanDevanter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,269 to Smith et al., and WO 98/43650 by Montgomery, all of which are incorporated herein by reference). A discussion of pulmonary delivery of antibiotics is also found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,969, incorporated herein by reference.

By a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of the invention is meant an amount of the compound which confers a therapeutic effect on the treated subject, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. The therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or feels an effect). An effective amount of the compound described above may range from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg, preferably from about 1 to about 50 mg/Kg. Effective doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or contemporaneously with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or other animal in single or in divided doses can be in amounts, for example, from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg body weight or more usually from 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight. Single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. In general, treatment regimens according to the present invention comprise administration to a patient in need of such treatment from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg of the compound(s) of this invention per day in single or multiple doses.

The compounds of the formulae described herein can, for example, be administered by injection, intravenously, intraarterially, subdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; or orally, buccally, nasally, transmucosally, topically, in an ophthalmic preparation, or by inhalation, with a dosage ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg of body weight, alternatively dosages between 1 mg and 1000 mg/dose, according to the requirements of the particular drug. The methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated effect. The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with pharmaceutically excipients or carriers to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. A typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w). Alternatively, such preparations may contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.

Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be required. Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the disease, condition or symptoms, the patient's disposition to the disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment of the treating physician.

Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.

EXAMPLES

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following examples, which are intended as an illustration only and not limiting of the scope of the invention. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such changes and modifications including, without limitation, those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, formulations and/or methods of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims. General methodology for the preparation of lactam compounds can be found in the following publications: U.S. Pat. No. 7,160,888; U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,934; U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,094; U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,584; U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,401; U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,934; U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,402; WO 2006/090273 A2; WO 2008/150848 A1; WO 2006/112464 A1; WO 2008/132600 A1.

Preparation of 7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one Example 1 Compound A1

A mixture of Aripiprazole (20 g, 45 mmol), triethylamine (1 mL, 7.1 mmol), formaldehyde (37% aqueous solution, 70 mL) and dimethylformamide (200 mL) was heated to 80° C. for 20 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate (400 mL) and washed with water/brine (1:1, 3×500 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness under vacuum to give hemi-aminal A1 as a white solid (18.6 g, containing 25% Aripiprazole, 65% yield based on A1).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) complex mixture of signals due to contamination with Aripiprazole, main signal δ 5.34 (s, 2H, OHCH ₂N); m/z (M⁺H) 478 and 480.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl benzylcarbamate Example 2 Compound 28

To a solution of hemi-aminal A1 from Example 1 (4 g, 8.4 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.15 g, 1.3 mmol) and triethylamine (1.1 mL, 7.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added benzylisocyanate (1.03 mL, 8.3 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was then heated at 35° C. for 20 hours, cooled and washed with water/brine (1:1, 50 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was further purified by chromatography on silica eluting with ethyl acetate/dichloromethane/methanol (1:1:0.1) to give the desired product as an off white foam (530 mg, 14% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.58-1.88 (m, 4H), 2.48 (t, 2H), 2.60-2.72 (m, 6H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 300-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.96 (t, 2H), 4.40 (d, 2H), 5.13 (NH), 5.96 (s, 2H), 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.79 (d, 1H), 6.92-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, 1H), 7.12-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.35 (m, 6H); m/z (M⁺H) 611.12 and 613.10.

The following compounds were prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 2.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl ethyl carbonate Example 3 Compound 79

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil (830 mg, 24% yield). ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 1.78 (t, 3H), 1.52-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.76 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.60 (m, 6H), 2.73-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.99 (m, 4H), 3.96 (t, 3H), 4.11 (q, 2H), 5.87 (s, 2H), 6.60-6.70 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.30 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 550.48 and 552.40.

butyl (7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl carbonate Example 4 Compound 80

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil (750 mg, 21% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.92 (t, 3H), 1.33-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.92 (m, 2H), 2.49 (t, 2H), 2.58-2.75 (m, 6H), 2.85 (t, 2H), 3.00-3.13 (m, 4H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 4.18 (t, 2H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.67 (d, 1H), 6.92-6.99 (m, 1H), 7.03 (dd, 1H), 7.10-7.20 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 578.10 and 580.08.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl hexyl carbonate Example 5 Compound 81

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil (1.77 g, 62% yield). ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 0.80 (t, 3H), 1.15-1.30 (m, 6H), 1.50-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.73 (m, 2H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.41-2.60 (m, 6H), 2.78 (t, 2H), 2.88-3.00 (m, 4H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 2H), 5.86 (s, 2H), 6.60-6.70 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.28 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 606.15 and 608.15.

decyl (7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl carbonate Example 6 Compound 82

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil (1.42 g, 46% yield). ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 0.79 (m, 3H), 1.13-1.30 (m, 14H), 1.48-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.33 (t, 2H), 2.41-2.60 (m, 6H), 2.72-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.98 (m, 4H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 2H), 5.86 (s, 2H), 6.60-6.70 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.28 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 662.56 and 664.54.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl hexadecyl carbonate Example 7 Compound 83

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil (1.55 g, 44% yield). ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 0.80 (t, 3H), 1.10-1.29 (m, 26H), 1.49-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.33 (t, 2H), 2.43-2.55 (m, 6H), 2.78 (t, 2H), 2.90-2.95 (m, 4H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 2H), 5.84 (s, 2H), 6.60-6.68 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.29 (m, 2H); m/z (M-C₁₀H₂₀)⁺ 606.52 and 608.54.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl morpholine-4-carboxylate Example 8 Compound 49

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil (1.52 g, 55% yield). ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 1.50-1.75 (m, 4H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.42-2.61 (m, 6H), 2.70-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.88-3.00 (m, 4H), 3.26-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.40-3.60 (m, 4H), 3.94 (t, 2H), 5.81 (s, 2H), 6.61 (dd, 1H), 6.68 (d, 1H), 7.05-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.30 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 591.11 and 593.15.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl diethylcarbamate Example 9 Compound 84

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil (0.83 g, 31% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.00-1.20 (m, 6H), 1.65-1.88 (m, 4H), 2.45-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.83 (m, 6H), 2.82-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.18-3.38 (m, 4H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 6.94-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d, 1H), 7.15-7.20 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 577.48 and 579.46.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl isopentyl carbonate Example 10 Compound 84

To a solution of phosgene (20% in toluene, 54 mL, 110 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added a solution of 3-methyl-1-butanol (1.7 mL, 15.7 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) over 1 hour. After 4 hours the volatiles were removed under vacuum and the residue added to a solution of the hemi-aminal A1 (3 g, 4.7 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.3 g, 1.9 mmol), pyridine (10 mL) and triethylamine (1.3 mL, 9.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL). After being stirred for 72 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃/brine (1:1, 100 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was further purified by chromatography on silica eluting with ethyl acetate/dichloromethane/methanol (1:1:0.1) to give the desired product as a yellow oil (1.54 g, 55% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.90-1.95 (m, 6H), 1.50-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.89 (m, 2H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.60-2.72 (m, 6H), 2.82-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.11 (m, 4H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 4.21 (t, 2H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 6.56 (dd, 1H), 6.67 (d, 1H), 6.95-7.00 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.13-7.19 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 592.48 and 594.46.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl acetate Example 11 Compound 1

A solution of Compound-A1 from Example-1, (50.63 g, 0.105 mol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 80 mL) was treated with acetic anhydride (15.3 mL, 0.16 mol) and heated for 2.0 hours at 60° C. (oil-bath). To the above solution, triethylamine (2.0 mL, 0.014 mol) was added and stirred for 16 hours at 60° C. The solvent was removed using a rotator evaporator. To the resulting crude mixture, ethyl acetate (150 mL) and heptane (50 mL) was added. The solution was washed with NaHCO₃ (5% aqueous solution, 250 mL,). After separation of the two layers, pH of the aqueous layer was adjusted to above 7. The aqueous layer was further extracted using the organic mixture. The organic layer was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO₃ solution, followed by deionized water, and brine. The solution was dried using anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated under vacuum. The resulting product was purified using silica gel column chromatography using ethanol: ethyl acetate (5:95) as the eluent. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and d-tartaric acid (12.5 g dissolved in 60:5 ethanol:water) was added, resulting in the precipitation of the desired product (48.78 g, 89% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.73 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.68 (m, 6H), 2.87 (dd, 2H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.59 (m, 2H), 6.96 (dd, 1H), 7.08 (dd, 1H), 7.15 (m, 2H).

The following compounds were prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 11.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl dodecanoate Example 12 Compound 7

The desired product was isolated as a crystalline solid (0.3 g, 21% yield). The molecular weight was confirmed by mass spectrometer analysis. FIG. 2-6 shows the PXRD, IR, Raman, TGA spectrum of the desired product. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, 3H), 1.24 (m, 16H), 1.62 (m, 2H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.86 (m, 2H), 2.36 (t, 2H), 2.49 (t, 2H), 2.68 (m, 6H), 2.86 (dd, 2H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.59 (m, 2H), 6.96 (dd, 1H), 7.07 (dd, 1H), 7.14 (m, 2H).

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl palmitate Example 13 Compound 10

The desired product was isolated as a crystalline solid (4.2 g, 70% yield). The molecular weight (716.6) was confirmed by mass spectrometer analysis. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.88 (t, 3H), 1.25 (m, 24H), 1.64 (m, 2H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 2.36 (t, 2H), 2.49 (t, 2H), 2.68 (m, 6H), 2.86 (dd, 2H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 5.92 (br s, 2H), 6.59 (dd, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.96 (dd, 1H), 7.07 (d, 1H), 7.14 (m, 2H).

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl decanoate Example 14 Compound 6

The chloromethyl ester above is dried over 4 A molecular sieves. A solution of aripiprazole (45 grams, 0.1 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (800 mL) was sonicated to dissolve the aripiprazole completely, and then treated with NaH (38 g, 0.95 mol, 60% dispersion) in one portion. After stirring this reaction mixture for 15 minutes at room temperature, the reaction mixture was treated dropwise with chloromethyl ester (0.3 mol.) and a catalytic amount of sodium iodide (0.05 mol.). The resultant cloudy mixture was heated to 90° C. for 2 hours, cooled to ambient temperature and poured into water. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined ethyl acetate layers washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography over silica gel provided the desired product (12.5 gram, 70% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, 3H), 1.20 (m, 12H), 1.63 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.68 (m, 6H), 2.86 (t, 2H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.61 (d, 1H), 6.94 (dd, 1H), 7.06 (d, 1H), 7.14-7.17 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 632.88.

The following compounds (Examples 15-29) were prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 2:

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl benzoate Example 15 Compound 31

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.60-1.85 (m, 4H), 2.45 (t, 2H), 2.55-2.70 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.92 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.10 (m, 4H), 3.94 (t, 2H), 6.16 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, 1H), 6.72 (dd, 1H), 6.90-6.95 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.60 (m, 1H), 8.00-8.08 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 582.3.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl butyrate Example 16 Compound 2

The desired product was isolated by chromatography on silica eluting with ethyl acetate/dichloromethane/methanol (1:1:0.1) to give a yellow oil (2.0 g, 87% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.94 (t, 3H), 1.60-1.90 (m, 6H), 2.34 (t, 2H), 2.51 (t, 2H), 2.61-2.73 (m, 6H), 2.82-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.96 (t, 2H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 6.55-6.61 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.11-7.18 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 548.2 and 550.2.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl hexanoate Example 17 Compound 4

The desired product was isolated as a yellow solid (3.69 g, 87% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.78 (t, 3H), 1.11-1.28 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.78 (m, 6H), 2.20-2.40 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.60 (m, 6H), 2.73-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.85-3.00 (m, 4H), 3.88-4.00 (m, 2H), 5.75-5.83 (m, 2H), 6.55-6.62 (m, 2H), 7.03-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.26 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 576.4 and 578.4.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl tetradecanoate Example 18 Compound 8

The desired product was isolated as a pale yellow solid (5.3 g, 74% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, 3H), 1.07-1.37 (m, 22H), 1.55-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.90 (m, 4H), 2.34 (t, 2H), 2.53 (t, 2H), 2.65-2.78 (m, 6H), 2.82-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.96 (t, 2H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.55-6.62 (m, 2H), 6.92-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.11-7.18 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 688.4 and 690.4.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl octanoate Example 19 Compound 5

The desired product was isolated as a yellow oil (2.2 g, 87% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, 3H), 1.15-1.35 (m, 10H, 1.55-1.87 (m, 6H), 2.34 (t, 2H), 2.53 (t, 2H), 2.65-2.73 (m, 4H), 2.85 (dd, 2H), 3.01-3.11 (m, 4H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 5.85-5.92 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.60 (m, 2H), 6.91-6.97 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.10-7.16 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 604.3 and 606.3.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl isopropyl carbonate Example 20 Compound 48

The desired product was isolated as an orange oil (2.4 g, 68% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (d, 6H), 1.62-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.89 (m, 2H), 2.48 (t, 2H), 2.60-2.71 (m, 6H), 2.81-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.01-3.11 (m, 4H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 4.89-4.97 (m, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 6.57 (d, 1H), 6.68 (d, 1H), 6.91-7.00 (m, 1H), 7.05 (dd, 1H), 7.11-7.18 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 564.3 and 566.3.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl methylcarbamate Example 21 Compound 47

The desired product was isolated as a yellow solid (1.3 g, 52% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.68-1.88 (m, 4H), 2.49 (dd, 2H), 2.60-2.73 (m, 6H), 2.80-2.90 (m, 5H), 3.02-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.95-4.02 (m, 2H), 5.90 (s, 2H), 6.57 (d, 1H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 6.93-6.70 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.10-7.19 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 535.5 and 537.5.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl decylcarbamate

Example 22 Compound 46

The desired product was isolated as a yellow solid (0.50 g, 14% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.86 (t, 3H), 1.18-1.35 (m, 16H), 1.42-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.87 (m, 2H), 2.48 (t, 2H), 2.58-2.72 (m, 4H), 2.80-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.01-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.15-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 4.78 (NH), 5.90 (s, 2H), 6.58 (d, 1H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 6.93-7.00 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, 1H), 7.10-7.16 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 661.6 and 663.6.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl isobutyrate Example 23 Compound 32

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.18 (d, 6H), 1.68-1.88 (m, 4H), 2.45-2.73 (m, 9H), 2.87 (dd, 2H), 3.03-3.12 (m, 2H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.55-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.97 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.19 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 548.15.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl cyclopentanecarboxylate Example 24 Compound 33

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.47-1.93 (m, 13H), 2.50-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.90 (m, 8H), 3.02-3.15 (m, 4H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 5.89 (s, 2H), 6.50-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.95 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.19 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 574.15.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Example 25 Compound 34

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.82-1.91 (m, 3H), 1.22-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.75-2.05 (m, 6H), 2.05-2.40 (m, 6H), 2.68-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.84-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.06-3.22 (m, 4H), 3.96 (t, 2H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.55-6.59 (m, 2H), 6.97 (dd, 1H), 7.07 (d, 1H), 7.12-7.18 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 560.19.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Example 26 Compound 35

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.15-1.35 (m, 3H), 1.35-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.95 (m, 10H), 2.21-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.62-3.00 (m, 8H), 3.02-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 5.89 (s, 2H), 6.50-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.97 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.06 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.15 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 588.24.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetate Example 27 Compound 40

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.56-1.90 (m, 6H), 2.43-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.80 (m, 4H), 2.81-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.55-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.72-3.79 (m, 2H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 5.97 (s, 2H), 6.55-6.59 (m, 2H), 6.91-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.09 (d, 1H), 7.11-7.15 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 594.17.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl 2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)acetate Example 28 Compound 41

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.65-1.93 (m, 6H), 2.49-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.77 (m, 4H), 2.81-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.60-3.70 (m, 4H), 3.72-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.92-3.99 (m, 2H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 5.97 (s, 2H), 6.55-6.59 (m, 2H), 6.95-6.99 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.18 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 638.30.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl pivalate Example 29 Compound 42

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.21 (s, 9H), 1.65-1.88 (m, 4H), 2.45-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.73 (m, 6H), 2.82-2.91 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.13 (m, 4H), 3.95 (t, 2H), 5.89 (s, 2H), 6.54-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.92-6.99 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d, 1H), 7.13-7.17 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 562.39.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl 2-hydroxyethylcarbamate Example 30 Compound 36

2-(((7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)ethyl methacrylate (2.0 g) was synthesised in a similar manner to Example 2. This was reacted with 16% NH₃/MeOH at room temperature for 18 hours and then concentrated at 40° C. The residue was purified by silica chromatography eluting with 1:1:0.1 to 1:1:0.2 DCM/EtOAc/MeOH. The resulting yellow oil was re-crystallised from EtOAc/heptane to give the title compound as a white solid (1.2 g, 67%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.60-1.88 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.75 (m, 6H), 2.75-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.15 (m, 4H), 3.20-3.40 (m, 2H), 2.58-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.89-4.05 (m, 2H), 5.30-5.45 (m, NH), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.55 (dd, 1H), 6.73 (d, 1H), 6.91-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.03 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.18 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 565.16.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate Example 31 Compound 37

To a solution of hemiaminal A1 (2 g, 0.0042 mol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) at room temperature was added pyridine (0.68 mL), followed by p-nitrophenylchloroformate (1.27 g, 0.0063 mol). After 90 minutes diethanolamine (3.5 g, 0.0334 mol) and triethylamine (1.2 mL, 0.084 mol) were added. After 3 h the reaction was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with sat. NaHCO₃, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated. The residue was purified on silica eluting with 1:1:0.1 to 1:1:0.2 DCM/EtOAc/MeOH to give the title compound as a colourless gum (0.83 g, 33%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.70-1.82 (m, 4H), 2.42-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.79 (m, 6H), 2.80-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.40-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.99-4.06 (m, 2H), 5.90 (m, 2H), 6.57 (d, 1H), 6.70 (dd, 1H), 6.92-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, 1H), 7.10-7.20 (m, 2H). m/z (M14) 609.21.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate Example 32 Compound 38

Compound 141 was synthesised in a similar manner to Example 28.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.68-1.88 (m, 4H), 2.25-2.42 (m, 7H), 2.45-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.76 (m, 6H), 2.85 (dd, 2H), 3.02-3.16 (m, 4H), 3.40-3.60 (m, 4H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 6.59 (d, 1H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 6.92-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.16 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 604.24.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl 1,4′-bipiperidine-1′-carboxylate Example 33 Compound 39

Compound 142 was synthesised in a similar manner to Example 28.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.26-2.06 (m, 14H), 2.31-2.91 (m, 17H), 2.95-3.18 (m, 4H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 4.0-4.37 (m, 2H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 6.90-6.99 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.11-7.18 (m, 2H); m/z (M⁺H) 672.25.

7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-1-(methoxymethyl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one Example 34 Compound 100

To a mixture of hemiaminal A1 (2.0 g, 4.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added thionyl chloride (1.5 mL, 12.6 mmol) and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. To the reaction mixture was added methanol (10 mL) and stirred a further 2 h. The reaction poured into NaHCO₃ (aq) and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase dried over MgSO₄, evaporated and the residue purified on silica eluting with 1:1:0.1 dichloromethane/ethyl acetate/methanol to give the title compound as a cream solid (1.3 g, 63%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.65-1.83 (m, 4H), 2.47 (t, 2H), 2.58-2.70 (m, 6H), 2.82 (dd, 2H), 2.99-3.01 (m, 4H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 3.96 (t, 2H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 6.55 (dd, 1H), 6.88 (dd, 1H), 6.91-6.96 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, 1H), 7.08-7.15 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 492.05.

1-(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl decanoate Example 35 Compound 111

A mixture of Aripiprazole (2.0 g, 4.5 mmol), ethyl glyoxylate (50% soln. in toluene, 2.7 mL), K₂CO₃ (0.49 g, 3.6 mmol), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.57 g, 1.8 mmol) and dichloromethane (20 mL) was heated at reflux for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and quickly washed with water, dried over MgSO₄ and filtered. The resulting solution was treated with pyridine (1.8 mL, 22.2 mmol) and then decanoylchloride (4.6 mL, 22.2 mmol). After being stirred for 3 h, methanol (1 mL) was added and stirred a further 10 min. The reaction mixture was washed with sat.NaHCO₃ (aq), dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated. The residue was purified on silica eluting with 1:1:0.1 dichloromethane/ethyl acetate/methanol to give the title compound as a yellow oil (1.2 g, 38%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 0.86 (t, 3H), 1.11 (t, 3H), 1.05-1.40 (m, 12H), 1.59-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.98 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.60-3.07 (m, 10H), 3.15-3.32 (m, 4H), 3.89-3.99 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.21 (m, 2H), 6.57 (dd, 1H), 6.67 (d, 1H), 6.95-7.00 (m, 1H), 7.08 (dd, 1H), 7.12-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.32 (m, 1H). m/z (M⁺H) 704.38.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl 4-acetamidobutanoate Example 36 Compound 44

To a suspension of hemiaminal A1 (2.6 g, 5.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added triethylamine (2.3 mL, 16.4 mmol), followed by addition of methanesulfonyl chloride (0.47 g, 6.0 mmol) over 3 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for 25 min and then N-acetyl-4-aminobutyric acid (1.6 g, 10.1 mmol) added. The reaction mixture was then heated at reflux for 18 h, cooled and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (aq). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. The residue was further purified on silica eluting with 1:1:0.1 to 1:1:0.2 dichloromethane/ethyl acetate/methanol to give the title compound as an off white solid (1.1 g, 34%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.70-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 2.41 (t, 2H), 2.50-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.75 (m, 6H), 2.83-2.88 (m, 2H), 3.03-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.24-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.95-4.00 (m, 2H), 5.85-5.92 (m, 3H), 6.58 (d, 2H), 6.92-6.96 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.12-7.16 (m, 2H).). m/z (M⁺H) 605.08.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl 4-octanamidobutanoate Example 37 Compound 45

Compound 149 (1.4 g) was synthesized in a similar manner to Compound 148.

¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz) δ 0.79 (t, 3H), 1.10-1.28 (m, 8H), 1.38-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.77 (m, 6H), 1.93-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.40 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.60 (m, 6H), 2.72-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.87-3.02 (m, 6H), 3.90-4.00 (m, 2H), 5.82 (s, 2H), 6.58-6.63 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.02 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.30 (m, 2H). m/z (M⁺H) 689.47.

(5-(2-(4-(benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloro-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)methyl hexanoate Example 38 Compound 322

Step 1:

Thionyl chloride (12.31 g, 103 mmol) followed by catalytic amount of N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF, 0.1 mL) was added to a solution of Hexanoic acid (10 g, 86 mmol) in dichloromethane (DCM, 100 mL) at 25-30° C. The reaction solution was stirred at same temperature for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere, upon completion of the starting material by TLC analysis. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure below 40° C., which provided a viscous liquid material, hexanoyl chloride (about 10.5 g).

Step 2:

To the above hexanoyl chloride, para formaldehyde (3.8 g, 128 mmol) and anhydrous ZnCl₂ (0.232 g, 17 mmol) were added at 25-30° C. under inert atmosphere and then heated to 90° C. The thick mass was stirred at 90-95° C. for 5 hours, which after cooling provided crude product, chloromethyl hexanoate which was purified by silica gel column chromatography.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 5.70 (s, 2H), 2.39-2.33 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.33-1.28 (m, 4H), 0.90-0.88 (t, J=7, 3H).

Step 3:

Chloromethyl hexanoate (3.18 g, 19.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (6 mL) was added to a suspension of Ziprasidone free base (4.0 g, 9.6 mmol), triethyl amine (4.0 mL, 27 mmol) and 4-dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP, 0.708 g, 5 mmol) in dichloride methane (240 mL) at 25-30° C. The reaction solution was stirred for 24 h at same temperature. The crude mixture was washed with water (100 mL) followed by brine solution (100 mL), upon solvent evaporation under vacuum below 40° C. provided crude title product, Compound 322, which was further purified by silica gel column chromatography. (1.4 g, 27% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.92-7.90 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.82-7.80 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.48-7.45 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 7.37-7.34 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 5.72 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.55 (m, 6H), 2.98-2.95 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 2.79-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.65 (t, J=8.5, 2H), 2.35-2.32 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 1.64-1.61 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 1.29-1.25 (m, 4H), 0.88-0.85 (t, J=7, 3H).

Mass (m/z)=541 [M⁺+1].

(5-(2-(4-(benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloro-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)methyl dodecanoate Example 39 Compound 324

Compound 324 was synthesized in a similar manner to Compound 322, Example 38.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.92-7.90 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.82-7.80 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.48-7.45 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 7.37-7.34 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 5.72 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.55 (m, 6H), 2.98-2.95 (t, J=8, 2H), 2.79-2.77 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.65 (t, J=8, 2H), 2.34-2.31 (t, J=7, 2H), 1.63-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.24 (s, 16H), 0.89-0.86 (t, J=7, 3H).

Mass (m/z)=625.5 [M⁺+1].

(5-(2-(4-(benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-6-chloro-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)methyl palmitate Example 40 Compound 326

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.92-7.90 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.82-7.80 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.48-7.45 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 7.37-7.34 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 5.72 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.55 (m, 6H), 2.98-2.95 (t, J=8, 2H), 2.79-2.77 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.65 (t, J=8, 2H), 2.34-2.31 (t, J=8, 2H), 1.63-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.23 (m, 24H), 0.88-0.86 (t, J=7, 2H).

Mass (m/z)=681.5 [M⁺+1].

(7-[(4-biphenyl-3yl methyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxobenzo[d]oxazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl acetate Example 41 Compound 416

Step 1. Synthesis of chloromethyl acetate: Acetyl chloride (5 g, 0.06 mol) was added dropwise to a mixture of paraformaldhyde (8.5 g, 0.06 mol) and anhydrous zinc chloride (0.175 g, 0.02 mol) at 0° C. under Argon. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour, then heated to 90° C. for 18 hours. The solid was filtered off washed with dichloromethane, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum at 37° C. to provide the desired product (6.6 g, 94% yield). The product was used directly (without purification) in to next step and stored with activated molecular sieves (4° A).

Step 2. Synthesis of iodomethyl acetate: Sodium iodide (27.6 g, 0.18 mol) was added to a solution of chloromethyl acetate (6.6 g, 0.06 mol) in acetonitrile (66 mL). The reaction flask was covered in aluminum foil to exclude light and stirred at ambient temperature for 15 hours.

The reaction mixture was partition between dichloromethane and water, and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane. The combine organics were washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO₃, 10% aqueous sodium sulfite solution, and brine then dried with sodium sulphate and concentrated to give the product (1.13 g, 12% yield) as a yellow oil.

Step 3. n-Butyl lithium (1.6 M in hexane; 3.8 mL, 0.007 mol) was added drop wise from a syringe to a stirred solution of bifeprunox (1.46 g, 0.003 mol) in tetrahydrofuran at −78° C. After 1 hour a solution of iodomethyl acetate (1.13 g, 0.005 mol) was added drop-wise at −70° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was dumped in a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with 1N solution of NaOH and brine, then dried with sodium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum. Purification by flash chromatography provided compound 416. (0.25 g, 14% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 2.034 (s, 3H), 2.565 (s, 4H), 3.183 (s, 4H), 3.597 (s, 2H), 5.765 (s, 2H), 6.696-6.717 (d, 1H), 6.882-6.901 (d, 1H), 7.091-7.182 (t, 1H), 7.315-7.370 (q, 2H), 7.404-7.473 (m, 3H), 7.515-7.555 (d, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.639-7.657 (d, 2H). m/z (M+H) 457.

(7-[(4-biphenyl-3yl methyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxobenzo[d]oxazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl butyrate Example 42 Compound 417

Compound 417 was prepared in a similar manner to Example 41 using butanoyl chloride. Purification by flash chromatography provided the desired product (1.25 g, 45% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 1.065 (t, 3H), 1.448-1.54 (m, 2H), 2.284-2.320 (t, 2H), 2.564 (s, 4H), 3.184 (s, 4H), 3.597 (s, 2H), 5.787 (s, 2H), 6.694-6.713 (d, 1H), 6.878-6.896 (d, 1H), 7.092-7.133 (t, 1H), 7.315-7.370 (q, 2H), 7.422-7.533 (m, 3H), 7.535-7.555 (d, 1H), 7.639 (d, 1H), 7.657-7.660 (d, 2H). m/z (M+H) 485.

(7-[(4-biphenyl-3yl methyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxobenzo[d]oxazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl hexanoate Example 43 Compound 413

Compound 413 was prepared in a similar manner to Example 41 using hexanoyl chloride. Purification by flash chromatography provided the desired product (0.6 g, 60% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 0.774 (t, 3H), 1.114-1.187 (m, 4H), 1.433-1.506 (m, 2H), 2.291-2.328 (t, 2H), 2.564 (s, 4H), 3.182 (s, 4H), 3.597 (s, 2H), 5.783 (s, 2H), 6.693-6.713 (d, 1H), 6.870-6.890 (d, 1H), 7.090-7.130 (t, 1H), 7.314-7.351 (q, 2H), 7.422-7.472 (m, 3H), 7.535-7.554 (d, 1H), 7.589 (d, 1H), 7.638-7.656 (d, 2H). m/z (M+H) 513.

(7-[(4-biphenyl-3yl methyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxobenzo[d]oxazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl palmitate Example 44 Compound 422

Compound 422 was prepared in a similar manner to Example 41 using palmitoyl chloride. Purification by flash chromatography provided the desired product (0.5 g, 47% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 0.819 (t, 3H), 1.127-1.302 (m, 22H), 1.437-1.454 (t, 2H), 2.287-2.305 (t, 2H), 2.564 (s, 4H), 3.182 (s, 4H), 3.596 (s, 2H), 5.784 (s, 2H), 6.688-6.708 (d, 1H), 6.863-6.882 (d, 1H), 7.083-7.124 (t, 1H), 7.331-7.368 (q, 2H), 7.400-7.470 (m, 3H), 7.534-7.553 (d, 1H), 7.587 (d, 1H), 7.635-7.653 (d, 2H). m/z (M+H) 653.

(7-[(4-biphenyl-3yl methyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxobenzo[d]oxazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl decanoate Example 45 Compound 419

Compound 419 was prepared in a similar manner to Example 41 using decanoyl chloride. Purification by flash chromatography provided the desired product (0.8 g, 77% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 0.795-0.829 (t, 3H), 1.140-1.211 (m, 12H), 1.438-1.471 (t, 2H), 2.288-2.324 (t, 2H), 2.562 (s, 4H), 3.181 (s, 4H), 3.595 (s, 2H), 5.783 (s, 2H), 6.689-6.709 (d, 1H), 6.856-6.884 (d, 1H), 7.083-7.124 (t, 1H), 7.311-7.367 (q, 2H), 7.400-7.470 (m, 3H), 7.533-7.552 (d, 1H), 7.587 (d, 1H), 7.635-7.653 (d, 2H). m/z (M+H) 569.

(7-[(4-biphenyl-3yl methyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxobenzo[d]oxazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl isobutyrate Example 46 Compound 414

Compound 414 was prepared in a similar manner to Example 41 using isobutyryl chloride.

Purification by flash chromatography provided the desired product (0.3 g, 15% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 1.027-1.044 (d, 6H), 2.478-2.553 (m, 1H), 2.562 (s, 4H), 3.185 (s, 4H), 3.597 (s, 2H), 5.785 (s, 2H), 6.692-6.713 (d, 1H), 6.873-6.892 (d, 1H), 7.093-7.134 (t, 1H), 7.315-7.369 (q, 2H), 7.403-7.472 (m, 3H), 7.533-7.555 (d, 1H), 7.590 (d, 1H), 7.657-7.660 (d, 2H). m/z (M+H) 485.

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl butyrate Example 47 Compound 151

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl butyrate (Compound 2) was prepared as described in Example 16, supra.

To a stirred solution of (7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl butyrate (3.26 g, 5.94 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added TFA (2.74 mL, 35.63 mmol) followed by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ; 7.01 g, 30.88 mmol) in THF (40 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature over the weekend. The reaction was quenched with water (100 mL) and then poured into water (600 mL) and dichloromethane (100 mL). Solid NaHCO₃ (100 g) was added and the mixture stirred for approximately 30 minutes. Dichloromethane (200 mL) was added and the mixture filtered. The collected filtrate was transferred to a separating funnel and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 mL) and the combined organics washed with water (3×100 mL, brine (100 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, the volatiles were removed. The crude material was purified by silica chromatography eluting 0-4% Methanol/(1:1 ethyl acetate/dichloromethane). The oil was recrystallized from methanol to give Compound 151. (2.03 g, 3.72 mmol, 63% yield).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.63 (1H, d), 7.45 (1H, d), 7.19-7.06 (2H, m), 6.99-6.90 (1H, m), 6.88-6.78 (2H, m), 6.52 (1H, d), 6.33 (2H, s), 4.06 (2H, t), 3.17-2.99 (4H, bs), 2.74-2.43 (6H, m), 2.35 (2H, t), 1.94-1.54 (6H, m), 0.93 (3H, t).

The Following Compounds were Synthesized in a Similar Manner to Example 47 from their Corresponding 3,4 Dihydro Precursors:

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl palmitate Example 48 Compound 159

Compound 159 was synthesized in a similar manner to Example 47 from Compound 10. 2.04 g. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (1H, d), 7.44 (1H, d), 7.18-7.10 (2H, m), 6.98-6.91 (1H, m), 6.87-6.80 (2H, m), 6.52 (1H, d), 6.32 (2H, s), 4.05 (2H, t), 3.15-2.99 (4H, bs), 2.74-2.44 (6H, m), 2.35 (2H, t), 1.92-1.83 (2H, m), 1.80-1.68 (2H, m) 1.66-1.55 (2H, m), 1.32-1.14 (24H, m), 0.87 (3H, t).

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl laurate Example 49 Compound 156

Compound 156 was synthesized in a similar manner to Example 47 from Compound 7. 1.37 g. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (1H, d), 7.43 (1H, d), 7.17-7.10 (2H, m), 6.96-6.92 (1H, m), 6.87-6.80 (2H, m), 6.51 (1H, d), 6.33 (2H, s), 4.06 (2H, t), 3.12-3.01 (4H, bs), 2.71-2.59 (4H, bs), 2.50 (2H, t), 2.35 (2H, t), 1.92-1.83 (2H, m), 1.78-1.69 (2H, m) 1.66-1.55 (2H, m), 1.32-1.16 (16H, m), 0.86 (3H, t).

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl stearate Example 50 Compound 160

Compound 160 was synthesized in a similar manner to Example 47 from Compound 11. 1.38 g ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (1H, d), 7.44 (1H, d), 7.17-7.11 (2H, m), 6.97-6.92 (1H, m), 6.87-6.79 (2H, m), 6.51 (1H, d), 6.32 (2H, s), 4.05 (2H, t), 3.13-3.00 (4H, bs), 2.73-2.58 (4H, bs), 2.50 (2H, t), 2.35 (2H, t), 1.92-1.83 (2H, m), 1.79-1.69 (2H, m) 1.66-1.55 (2H, m), 1.32-1.14 (28H, m), 0.87 (3H, t).

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl acetate Example 51 Compound 150

Compound 150 was synthesized in a similar manner to Example 47 from Compound 1. 1.61 g ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.63 (1H, d), 7.45 (1H, d), 7.18-7.11 (2H, m), 6.98-6.92 (1H, m), 6.90-6.80 (2H, m), 6.52 (1H, d), 6.32 (2H, s), 4.07 (2H, t), 3.14-3.01 (4H, bs), 2.73-2.59 (4H, bs), 2.51 (2H, t), 2.12 (3H, s), 1.95-1.82 (2H, m), 1.82-1.68 (2H, m).

(7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate Example 52 Compound 165

Compound 165 was synthesized in a similar manner to Example 47 from Compound 16. 1.02 g ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.61 (1H, d), 7.43 (1H, d), 7.17-7.10 (2H, m), 6.97-6.92 (1H, m), 6.83-6.79 (2H, m), 6.51 (1H, d), 6.31 (2H, s), 4.05 (2H, t), 3.12-3.02 (4H, bs), 2.71-2.60 (4H, bs), 2.50 (2H, t), 1.92-1.83 (2H, m), 1.78-1.68 (2H, m) 1.55 (2H, q), 1.15 (6H, s), 0.81 (3H, t).

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Rats Pharmakokinetic Evaluation of Prodrugs in Rats Following Intramuscular Injection

Animals:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) were obtained. Approximately 24 rats were used in each study. Rats were approximately 350-375 g at time of arrival. Rats were housed 2 per cage with ad libitum chow and water. Environmental conditions in the housing room: 64-67° F., 30% to 70% relative humidity, and 12:12-h light:dark cycle. All experiments were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee.

Pharmacokinetics Study:

Rats were dosed IM by means of a 25 gauge, ⅝ in. needle with 1 cc syringe 0.3 mL suspension was withdrawn from the vial containing the test compound (see Table E). The mouse was injected in the muscles of the hind limb after anesthesia with isoflourane. Blood samples were collected via a lateral tail vein after brief anesthesia with Isoflurane. A 27½ G needle and 1 cc syringe without an anticoagulant was used for the blood collection. Approximately 3504 of whole blood was collected at each sampling time-point of 6 hours, 24 hours and 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 21, 28, 35 days after administration. Once collected, whole blood was immediately transferred to tubes containing K2 EDTA, inverted 10-15 times and immediately placed on ice. The tubes were centrifuged for 2 minutes at >14,000 g's (11500 RPMs using Eppendorf Centrifuge 5417C, F45-30-11 rotor) at room temperature to separate plasma. Plasma samples were transferred to labeled plain tubes (MICROTAINER®; MFG# BD5962) and stored frozen at <−70° C.

Data Analysis:

Drug concentrations in plasma samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography—mass spectroscopy using appropriate parameters for each compound. Half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, maximal concentration, and AUC were calculated by using WinNonlin Version 5.2 software.

Results and Discussion:

The Results are shown in Table E. As shown in Table E, each of the compounds tested provides a plasma concentration that is extended as compared to the parent drug when administered alone.

TABLE E API Form used (Com- Dose AUC₀₋₁₄ AUC_(0-T) pound **(mg/ (ng*day/ (ng*day/ No.) Excipients kg) mL) mL) 82 solution in ethyl oleate 57 204 NC  2 Recrystallized crystalline 67 1016.9 1139.8 suspention in 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20 81 solution in ethyl oleate 56 584 NC 48 Milled crystalline suspention in 70.00 2238 2264.6 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20. Measured and diluted to correct concentration*  5 Ethyl oleate emulsion in water 67 1728.6 1742 with DPPC, Glycerol and NCOH  6 solution in ethyl oleate 67 67 327  6 Oil emulsion in water with DPPC 67 1490.3 1678.1 and Glycerol 47 Milled crystalline suspension in 100.0 113 176 1% HPMC 85 Milled crystalline suspention in 67 1233.9 1348 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20. Measured and diluted to correct concentration  1 Crystalline material suspended in 56.7 1673 1938 1% HPMC  7 Recrystallized crystalline 67 512.0 1169.5 suspention in 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20 32 Milled crystalline suspention in 67 1334.4 1486 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20. Measured and diluted to correct concentration*  8 Milled crystalline suspention in 24 580.3 666.1 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20 49 Milled crystalline suspension in 73.3 152 199.7 1% HPMC 34 Milled crystalline suspention in 43.33 2050 2095.8 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20. Measured and diluted to correct concentration* 79 Prodrug solution in ethyl oleate 67 954 NC 79 Recrystallized crystalline 67 907.4 940 suspention in 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20 31 Recrystallized crystalline 67 819.0 997 suspention in 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20 10 Recrystallized crystalline 67 302 786.6 suspention in 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20  4 Recrystallized crystalline 67 1455.4 1678 suspention in 1% HPMC in PBS + 0.2% Tween 20

Example 53 Pharmacodynamic Studies Using an Amphetamine-Induced Locomotion Model Introduction:

Prodrugs of the invention useful in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder show predictive validity in rodent models of hyperlocomotion. D-Amphetamine-induced locomotion is postulated to mimic the dopaminergic hyperactivity which forms the basis for the “dopamine hypothesis” of schizophrenia. The AMPH-induced hyperactivity model provides a simple, initial screen of antipsychotic compound efficacy. See, Fell et al., Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, (2008) 326:209-217. Amphetamine induced hyperactivity was used to screen various doses of orally administered (PO) prodrug formulations of aripiprazole to measure pharmacodynamic efficacy in an acute hyperlocomotion paradigm. The hypothesis of the study is that PO administration of aripiprazole prodrug formulations, which result in plasma concentrations of ˜100-200 ng/ml, will produce a significant attenuation of AMPH-induced locomotion.

General behavior and activity can be measured in experimental animals (typically rats and mice) in order to assess psychomotor stimulant properties, anxiogenic/anxiolytic or sedative properties of a drug. As such, open-field studies can provide insight into the behavioral effects of test compounds. Certain prodrugs of the present invention are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Aripiprazole is a parent lactam containing drug from which some of the prodrugs of the invention are derived that is useful in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Such aripiprazole prodrugs of the invention show predictive validity in rodent models of hyperlocomotion. D-Amphetamine-induced locomotion is postulated to mimic the dopaminergic hyperactivity which forms the basis for the “dopamine hypothesis” of schizophrenia. Likewise, glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801, PCP, etc.) induced locomotion is postulated to mimic the NMDA hypoactivity hypothesis of schizophrenia (Fell et al., supraa). These tests of drug-induced hyperactivity provide simple, initial screens of antipsychotic compound efficacy. Amphetamine induced hyperactivity will be used to screen various prodrugs of aripiprazole, administered PO in oil solutions, to measure pharmacodynamic efficacy. The results of the D-AMPH induced locomotion done in this study will be compared to the historical results of subcutaneous (S.C.) aripiprazole administration on D-AMPH. The hypothesis of the study is that PO exposure to aripiprazole prodrugs, which results in aripiprazole concentrations of 100-200 ng/ml at locomotor testing, will display efficacy in in-vivo measures of antipsychotic efficacy.

Materials: Experimental Animals:

12, Sprague Dawley rats were purchased from Charles River Laboratory. The rats were approximately 90 days old, and weighed in the range of 350-275 grams upon receipt from the supplier. One rat was placed in a cage and allowed to acclimate for about 1 week. The rats were provided with food and water ad libitum.

Dosing Solution of D-Amphetamine (D-AMPH):

D-AMPH was Purchased from Sigma

Aldrich. D-amphetamine HCl was prepared in 0.9% saline to a concentration of 1.5 mg/ml. D-Amphetamine was given I.P. per body weight at a dose of 1 ml/kg (=1.5 mg/kg). Salt form correction was not used in accordance with historical literature. D-Amphetamine was prepared fresh from solid form 30 min. prior to each test period.

Dosing Solutions of Prodrug Derivatives of Aripiprazole:

TABLE F Dose Study Dose volume Group Formulation (Route) mg/rat mL N A Arp-laurate oral oil 7.5 1.5 4 Solution (PO) B Arp-Hexanoate oral oil 20 1.5 4 Solution (PO) C Arp-Hexanoate oral oil 10 1.5 4 Solution (PO) D Arp-laurate oral oil 10 1.5 4 Solution (PO) E Arp-Hexanoate oral oil 0.66 1.5 4 Solution (PO) F Arp-Laurate oral oil 20 1.5 4 Solution (PO) G Saline (PO) 0 1.5 4

Behavior Box:

The behavior chambers were purchased from Med Associates, Inc. of St. Albans, Vt., Model ENV-515. Software for measuring animal movement is provided with the behavior chamber by the supplier.

Methods: Following 1 week habituation to the animal facility, the activity assessments commenced. The animals were initially acclimated to the behavior box for about 15 minutes before they were removed from the box and injected PO with 1.5 ml of an aripiprazole prodrug compound of the invention, at concentrations which produce PK levels of 100-200 ng/ml approximately 1 hour after administration. After an additional 15 minutes the animals were placed back in the behavior box for an additional 30 minute drug-baseline test session. The mice were then administered by IP injection, D-AMPH (1.5 mg/kg) followed by a 60 minute experimental behavorial measurement period. The parameters that were measured were a) total distance measured (primary measure), b) total number of ambulatory moves (secondary measure), c) total number of vertical moves (secondary measure) and d) time spent immobile (secondary measure).

Blood Sampling:

Tail vein blood was taken on experiment days immediately following locomotor activity measurements (2-hours post-prodrug administration) and again the following day a time-point corresponding to 22 hours post-prodrug administration. Blood samples were collected via a lateral tail vein after anesthesia with Isoflurane. A 27½ G syringe without an anticoagulant was used for the blood collection, and the whole blood transferred to pre-chilled (wet ice) tubes containing K2 EDTA. 0.5 ml of blood per animal was collected per time point. The tubes were inverted 15-20 times and immediately returned to the wet ice until being centrifuged for 2 minutes≧14,000 g to separate plasma. The plasma samples prepared in this manner were transferred to labeled plain tubes (MICROTAINER®; MFG# BD5962) and stored frozen at <−70° C.

Behavioral Data Acquisition:

Behavioral data was captured electronically by the software package associated with the behavior chambers. Data was transformed and analyzed via GraphPad PRISM® 5 software (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, Calif.). The data was analyzed using a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA.

Results and Discussion:

The results are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. The results indicate that orally administered D-AMPH caused a significant increase in the total distance traveled by the mice as compared to mice who were administered only saline. The results also indicate that aripiprazole prodrug compound 4 of the invention significantly inhibited the increases in distance traveled caused by D-AMPH. The inhibition of distance travelled by compound 4 did not appear to be dose dependent. Likewise, aripiprazole prodrug compounds 7 and 47 did appear to significantly inhibit increases in distance traveled caused by D-AMPH at the higher dose of 20 mg. This data indicates that in accordance with the invention, the prodrug compounds are cleaved in vivo to release the parent tertiary amine-containing drug (aripiprazole in this example) to provide the expected pharmacological effects on the animal.

The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishes the knowledge that is available to those with skill in the art. All United States patents and published or unpublished United States patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference. All published foreign patents and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. All other published references, documents, manuscripts and scientific literature cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

1. What is claimed is a compound represented by Formula I:

or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein

represents a single or double bond; Semicircle represents an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl containing one, two or three rings; A is selected from absent, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, —S—, —O—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —S(O) [C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —S(O)₂[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —O[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —N(R₁₀)—, —N(R₁₀)—[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u); wherein each u is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; wherein each R₁₀ and R₁₁ is independently absent, hydrogen, halogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted aryl; Cy₁ is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted aryl; B is a linker or a direct bond; D is selected from absent, —O—, —NR₁₀, —C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)— and —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —C(O)—; Each G₁ and G₂ is independently selected from absent, —S—, —O—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —SC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —S(O) C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —S(O)₂C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —OC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —N(R₁₀)—, —C(R₁₀)═C(R₁₁)—, —N(R₁₀)—C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(t)-; wherein t is 1, 2 or 3; Each R₁, R₃ and R₄ is independently selected from absent, hydrogen, halogen, —OR₁₀, —SR₁₀, —N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), —S(O)R₁₀, —S(O)₂R₁₀, optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; Alternatively, two R₃ and R₄ together form an optionally substituted ring; R₅ is selected from —CH(R₁₀)—OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)R₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —(CH(R₁₀))—OPO₃MY, —(CH(R₁₀))—OP(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁), —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—R₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)OR₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)R₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —[CH(R₁₀)O]z-OPO₃MY, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)₂(OR₂₀)M and —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁); wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each R₂₀ and R₂₁ is independently selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted aryl; Y and M are the same or different and each is a monovalent cation; or M and Y together is a divalent cation; and n, m and q are independently selected from 0, 1, and
 2. 2. A compound of claim 1, wherein, R₁ is selected from:

wherein R₁₀₀ and R₁₀₁ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkylamino and optionally substituted C₁-C₈ aryl.
 3. A compound of claim 1, wherein Cy₁ is selected from:


4. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₅ is selected from:

wherein R₁₀₅, R₁₀₆ and R₁₀₇ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₂₄ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkylamino and optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ aryl.
 5. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₅ is selected from:

wherein, each x and y is independently an integer between 0 and 30, and R₁₀₅, R₁₀₆, and R₁₀₇ are as defined above. 6-24. (canceled)
 25. A method of treating a neurological or psychiatric disorder by administering a compound of Formula I or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates to a patient in need thereof:

wherein

represents a single or double bond; Semicircle represents an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl containing one, two or three rings; A is selected from absent, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, —S—, —O—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —S(O) [C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, S(O)₂[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —O[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —N(R₁₀)—, —N(R₁₀)—[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u); wherein each u is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; wherein each R₁₀ and R₁₁ is independently absent, hydrogen, halogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted aryl; Cy₁ is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted aryl; B is a linker or a direct bond; D is selected from absent, —O—, —NR₁₀, —C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)— and —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —C(O)—; Each G₁ and G₂ is independently selected from absent, —S—, —O—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —SC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —S(O) C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —S(O)₂C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —OC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —N(R₁₀)—, —C(R₁₀)═C(R₁₁)—, —N(R₁₀)—C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(t)-; wherein t is 1, 2 or 3; Each R₁, R₃ and R₄ is independently selected from absent, hydrogen, halogen, —OR₁₀, —SR₁₀, —N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), —S(O)R₁₀, —S(O)₂R₁₀, optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; Alternatively, two R₃ and R₄ together form an optionally substituted ring; R₅ is selected from —CH(R₁₀)—OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)R₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —(CH(R₁₀))—OPO₃MY, —(CH(R₁₀))—OP(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁), —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—R₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)OR₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)R₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —[CH(R₁₀)O]z-OPO₃MY, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)₂(OR₂₀)M and —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁); wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each R₂₀ and R₂₁ is independently selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted aryl; Y and M are the same or different and each is a monovalent cation; or M and Y together is a divalent cation; and n, m and q are independently selected from 0, 1, and
 2. 26. A method according to claim 25, wherein said disorder is schizophrenia.
 27. A method for sustained delivery of a compound of Formula XXIII:

wherein A, B, D, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, Cy₁, G₁, G₂, q and m are as defined above; comprising administering a compound of Formula I or its geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates to a patient in need thereof;

wherein

represents a single or double bond; Semicircle represents an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl containing one, two or three rings; A is selected from absent, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, —S—, —O—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —S(O) [C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —S(O)₂[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —O[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)-, —N(R₁₀)—, —N(R₁₀)—[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u)—, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(u); wherein each u is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; wherein each R₁₀ and R₁₁ is independently absent, hydrogen, halogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted aryl; Cy₁ is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted aryl; B is a linker or a direct bond; D is selected from absent, —O—, —NR₁₀, —C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)— and —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —C(O)—; Each G₁ and G₂ is independently selected from absent, —S—, —O—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —SC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —S(O)C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —S(O)₂C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —OC(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —N(R₁₀)—, —C(R₁₀)═C(R₁₁)—, —N(R₁₀)—C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)—, —[C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)]_(t); wherein t is 1, 2 or 3; Each R₁, R₃ and R₄ is independently selected from absent, hydrogen, halogen, —OR₁₀, —SR₁₀, —N(R₁₀)(R₁₁), —S(O)R₁₀, —S(O)₂R₁₀ optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; Alternatively, two R₃ and R₄ together form an optionally substituted ring; R₅ is selected from —CH(R₁₀)—OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)OR₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)R₂₀, —CH(R₁₀)—OC(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —(CH(R₁₀))—OPO₃MY, —(CH(R₁₀))—OP(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁), —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—R₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)OR₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)R₂₀, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—C(O)NR₂₀R₂₁, —[CH(R₁₀)O]z-OPO₃MY, —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)₂(OR₂₀)M and —[CH(R₁₀)O]_(z)—P(O)(OR₂₀)(OR₂₁); wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each R₂₀ and R₂₁ is independently selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, substituted aliphatic, aryl or substituted aryl; Y and M are the same or different and each is a monovalent cation; or M and Y together is a divalent cation; and n, m and q are independently selected from 0, 1, and 2; wherein upon administration to the patient, release of the compound of Formula XXIII is sustained release.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein sustained release comprises a therapeutically effective amount of said compound of Formula XXIII in the blood stream of the patient for a period of at least about 36 hours after administration of the prodrug.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein said compound of Formula XXIII is present in the blood stream of the patient for a period selected from: at least 7, 15, 30, 60, 75 or 90 days.
 30. The method of claim of claim 29, wherein the administering step is by injection.
 31. A method for the synthesis of a compound of Formula XXIV:

comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula XXIII:

with an aldehyde or ketone of formula; C(O)—C(R₁₀₁)(R₁₀₃).
 32. The process according to claim 31, wherein said aldehyde is paraformaldehyde.
 33. The process according to claim 31 further comprising the step of reacting said compound of Formula XXIII with an acid anhydride.
 34. The process according to claim 33, wherein said acid anhydride is selected from acetic anhydride, butyric anhydride, hexanoic anhydride, octanoic anhydride, decanoic anhydride, dodecanoic anhydride, lauric anhydride, and palmitic anhydride.
 35. The method according to claim 25, wherein R₅ is selected from Table 1, 2, 3 or
 4. 36. The method according to claim 25, wherein said compound of Formula I is selected from Table A, B, C, D or E or the geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof. 